 | |
Issue
45 — December 2009 |
| | | |
| Issue
45 |
|
 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Category |
|
Title |
|
Authors |
|
|
|
|
|
| Newsletter |
|
Determination
of the substantivity of emollients to human hair |
|
Hans-Martin
Haake, Hélène Lagrené, Angela Brands, Wolf Eisfeld,
David Melchior |
Synopsis
The determination of silicones and hydrogenated didecenes deposited on human
hair from shampoo applications is described. For silicones ICP-OES (induced
coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy) of extracts and X-ray fluorescence
analysis of hair strands without any further sample preparation were
applied. Three shampoos from the European and Asian markets were investigated
at repeated shampoo applications followed by the determination of the removability
with sodium laureth sulfate. Hydrogenated didecenes were quantified
by GC-MS of extracts. A transparent shampoo containing 1.8% of hydrogenated
didecenes delivered via a nanoemulsion was examined in the same way as the
commercial shampoos. Finally the substantivity data were compared with
performance data from combability determination and hair volume measurements.
Good correlations of analytical data and performance profiles were
obtained.
Introduction
In addition to basic ingredients like surfactants, preservatives and fragrances,
modern shampoos contain several “care” products such as polymers,
emollients and waxes to improve sensorial and conditioning properties and
the appearance of both the shampoo and the treated hair. These ingredients
must be carefully selected and formulated to ensure that sufficient quantities
of the substances adsorb to the hair to provide the desired effect yet avoiding
overloads or build-up effects. Therefore, the determination of the adsorbed
amounts of each “care” ingredient can help to select the type
and concentration of a specific ingredient used and also all other ingredients
of a formulation. This can be achieved either directly - if an appropriate
analytical method for the detection at surfaces is available - or by extraction
and analytical determination of the specific substance, whereby both steps
must be specifically adapted to the specific ingredient. In this paper we
describe our approaches for the determination of silicones and hydrocarbons
applied as conditioning agents via shampoos.
For silicone detection, specific methods which determine Si can be applied.
In literature several methods for the direct detection of silicones
on human hair have been described including AAS (atomic absorption spectroscopy)
by e. g. Gooch and Kohl (1), electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis
(ESCA) by e. g. Wendel and DiSapio (2), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier
transform spectroscopy DRIFTS e. g. by Klimisch and Kohl (3), and X-ray
fluorescence spectroscopy by Gruber et al. (4). We have selected X-ray fluorescence
due to the ease of use without sample preparation. Organic extracts of human
hair can be evaluated by a wide range of analytical methods, for silicones
we have applied ICP-OES (5) due to a very low limit of detection.
Hydrogenated didecene has been selected as example for the use of hydrocarbons
in hair rinse products. Since there is no specific method available for
hydrocarbons, a GC-MS method was developed to quantify the amount of hydrogenated
didecene in extracts of hair. The results of build-up effects and removability
of substances by pure surfactant solutions are presented. In addition, two
examples of how these analytical data can be linked to consumer relevant
performance properties, like conditioning and hair volume effects, are presented.
Experimental
Strands of human hair were purchased from International Hair Importers (New
York). Shampoos containing dimethicone and dimethiconol were taken from
the current market in Germany and Thailand. The shampoos from the German
market were tested at dark brown Caucasian hair and the shampoo purchased
in Thailand was tested at Japanese hair.
The shampoo with hydrogenated didecene was formulated according to table
I. Tests with this shampoo were performed using the dark brown Caucasian
hair.
| Table
I: Test shampoo with hydrogenated didecene |
| Ingredient |
Concentration
[%] |
| Sodium
aurethsulfate |
9 |
| Cocoamidopropylbetain |
3 |
| Polyquaternium
10 |
0,2 |
| Methyldibromo
Glutaronitril und Phenoxyethanol |
0,1 |
| PEG-150
Distearat |
1,25 |
| Hydrogenated
didecene (via a nanoemulsion) |
1,8 |
| Water |
ad
100 |
Hair strands were washed with the shampoos at 1 g shampoo / 1 g hair, incubated
for 5 min and rinsed off using a special device to ensure reproducibility
for all experiments. With this device each hair strand is rinsed with water
at 38°C, 1 L/min and combed during rinsing. After rinsing the hair strands
were dried for 60 min with warm air (65°C). The removability of the
emollients from the hair was tested by repeating the procedure described
above 5 or 9 (for the hydrogenated didecene) times followed by 1, 2 and
3 times shampooing with a solution of 12 % Sodium laureth sulfate (SLES)
(pH 6.5) respectively. All strands were treated together and samples were
taken out of the process after 1, 3, 5 (7 and 9 for the shampoo with hydrogenated
didecene) and also after 1, 2 and 3 times treatment with SLES. Hair strands
which were just cleansed by SLES were extracted to determine the baseline
values of all analytical methods. In the case of X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
the values result from silicon on the surface of the hair which is influenced
by inorganic silicon from the hair itself.
The amount of silicones adsorbed to the hair was determined by ICP-OES analytics
preparing extracts from the strands. For this purpose the hair was cut into
pieces and the adsorbed silicone was extracted with a mixture of o-xylene
and isopropanol. The extracts were analyzed on a Vista MPX Radial (Varian
Inc.) ICP device using a certified PDMS calibration standard (Conostan®).
The concentration of silicon was calculated by taking the mean of the signals
at 5 silicon specific wavelengths. The concentrations of silicones were
derived from the amounts of silicon by multiplying with a factor (2.64)
derived from pure PDMS. Since for dimethiconol only the terminal methyl
groups are substituted by hydroxyl groups, this factor is also valid for
this type of silicone.
Hair strands were examined without further treatment via X-ray fluorescence
spectroscopy by mounting them into a sample holder and analyzing in an Axios-Advanced
(Panalytical) spectrometer. A 4kw Rh anode was used for the excitation and
a PE002-C crystal for analyzing the wavelength of the fluorescent radiation.
The amount of hydrogenated didecene of treated hair strands was determined
by extracting the hair with isopropanol. The extracts were derivatized with
a mixture of N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) and N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide
(MSTFA) to reduce the boiling temperature of the matrix components and increase
selectivity. The GC-MS analytics was performed applying hexadecane as internal
standard. Due to the structural complexity of didecene only selected ion
traces in a part of the didecene signals were used comparing chromatograms
of the pure hydrocarbon and extracts of hair treated with a placebo shampoo
without hydrogenated didecene.
Wet combing performances were determined using a robotic system combing
10 treated strands per formulation and number of applications. The combing
work was determined by integrating the force versus distance curve. The
residual combing work was calculated as ratio of work after by before shampoo
application shampoo application for each strand.
The influence of the shampoos to the volume of hair strands was determined
applying an imaging system. Images of the hair strand were taken under 5
angles from 0° to 180° calculating the volume from the 5 derived
projections. Relative volumes were calculated as ratio of volume after versus
before shampoo application for each strand.
Results and Discussions
Determination of the amounts of silicone adsorbed to the hair from shampoo
application
Figure 1 shows the amounts of silicone found on hair strands after repeated
application of a commercial 2 in 1 shampoo from the European market determined
from ICP-OES analytics.
| Figure
1: Amount of silicone deposited at hair strands repeatedly washed with a
2 in 1 shampoo and determined by ICP-OES |
|
Enlarged
version
|
It can be seen that after a single treatment with the shampoo a
huge amount of dimethiconol was found adsorbed to the hair. There is no
variation within the margin of error of the method after 3 and 5 times treatment.
By checking the removability with SLES it can be seen that even after 3
times washing with the surfactant about 50% of the silicone remains on the
hair.
In figure 2 the amounts of silicone detected on hair strands treated with
2 shampoos of the same brand and type but from the European and the Asian
market are given, respectively. These data were also derived by ICP-OES.
| Figure 2: Amount
of silicone deposited at hair strands repeatedly washed with an European
shampoo and an Asian shampoo, determined by ICP-OES |
Enlarged
version |
As the Asian shampoo contains more than 3.5 times more dimethicone than
the European version, the different amounts of silicone found adsorbed to
the hair can be easily understood. For both shampoos there seems to be a
build-up effect after repeated treatment. In contrast to the example given
in figure 1, the silicone was removed to a higher extent.
Hair strands treated in the same way but analyzed with X-ray fluorescence
spectroscopy gave the XRF signals depicted in figure 3. Since there is a
background signal resulting from (inorganic) silicon in the hair, and also
the effect of the hair matrix to the XRF signal is unknown, this method
delivers relative data only. For the Asian shampoo the results
from ICP-OES analytics were confirmed. On the other hand, the signals resulting
from the small amounts of dimethicone adsorbed to the hair from the European
shampoo are in the range of the background signal for untreated hair and
thus below the limit of detection.
| Figure: 3
X-Ray fluorescence of hair strands treated as in Fig. 2. |
Enlarged
version |
Determination of the amounts of hydrogenated didecene adsorbed to the hair
from shampoo application
In contrast to silicones, for emollients without chemical elements allowing
the application of specific detection methods, chromatographic methods have
to be developed. For the hydrogenated didecenes GC-MS was selected. The
quantification was done using hexadecane as internal standard.
In figure 4 the amounts of hydrogenated didecene are displayed versus the
number of shampoo applications. A clear build-up effect can be seen, but
the level of the emollients adsorbed to the hair is about 10 times lower
compared to the amounts of silicones found in the examples shown before.
Also in contrast to the silicones, the hydrocarbons can be removed easily
by washing the hair with a surfactant.
| Figure 4:
Amount of hydrogenated didecene deposited at Caucasian hair repeatedly washed. |
Enlarged
version |
Comparison of the substantivity data with properties of treated hair
It is interesting for a formulator to know how much of a specific ingredient
is adsorbed to the hair and if there are build-up effects, but these experiments
cannot answer the question as to what are the effects to the treated hair.
As an example how to correlate analytical and performance data, studies
were done on wet combability and hair volume in addition. With the first
method conditioning effects on wet hair can be determined. Hair volume is
especially interesting for all people with fine, straight Caucasian hair.
In figure 5 the residual wet combing work is given for all shampoos mentioned
before. It can be seen that the 2 in 1 shampoo exhibits the highest reduction
of combing work even after 1 application. This finding correlates with the
analytical results for this shampoo, compared to the level of silicones
found for the other shampoos. Also, the differences in dimethicone levels
for the European and the Asian shampoo are in line with the differences
in wet combing performance. The build-up effect found for the Asian shampoo
is manifested as a further decrease of wet combing work. The same correlation
between build-up and wet combing work can be seen for the shampoo with the
hydrogenated didecene.
The effects of the 2 in 1 shampoo and the shampoo with the hydrocarbon on
the volume of the treated hair strands are given in figure 6 for 1, 3 and
5 times treatment. The volumes of the hair strands shampooed with the 2
in 1 product are only at about 60% of the initial volume. There is no significant
change in the volume after repeated treatments. Again, these performance
properties are in good accordance with the high amount of dimethiconol adsorbed
to the hair without changing the level at repeated shampooing. In contrast,
hair strands washed with the shampoo containing the hydrogenated didecene
retain their volume even after repeated application. This can be explained
by the low levels of emollient found on the hair.
| Figure 6: Relative
volume of hair strands after repeated treatment with a 2 in 1 shampoo and
with the shampoo containing hydrogenated didecene. |
Enlarged
version |
Conclusions
Both investigated methods for the determination of silicones adsorbed to
human hair from shampoos can be usefully applied for substantivity studies.
While the main advantage of the X-ray fluorescence method is the applicability
to hair strands without extraction and the possibility to repeat treatments
and measurements at the same hair strands, the benefit of ICP-OES extracts
is a smaller limit of detection and the fact that quantitative data can
be obtained. In contrast the faster XRF method delivers just semi-quantitative
data which allow detecting build-up effects and removability of silicones.
The analytical method developed for the quantification of the hydrogenated
didecenes allows the quantification of low hydrocarbons levels in extracts
of treated hair strands.
It was demonstrated that a comparison of analytical data with results from
performance measurements can be used to understand the effects of emollients
on hair properties like conditioning and hair volume. The shampoo with hydrogenated
didecene shows a good conditioning performance while retaining the volume
of the shampoo hair strands.
Note:
In 2006, this topic was presented at the 2nd Conference on Applied Hair
Science, in Princeton. An article entitled “Determination of the substantivity
of emollients to human hair” was published by the authors in the Journal
of Cosmetic Science, 58, July/August 2007, 443-450.
References:
(1) E. G. Gooch and G. S. Kohl, Method to determine silicones on human
hair by atomic absorption spectrsocopy, J. Soc. Cosm. Chem., 39, 383-392
(1988).
(2) S. R. Wendel and A. J. DiSapio, Organofunctional silicones for personal
care applications, Cosmet. Toil., 98 (5), 103-106 (1983).
(3) H. M. Klimisch and G. S. Kohl, A quantitative diffuse reflectance method
using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for determing siloxane deposition
on keratin surfaces, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 38, 247-262 (1987).
(4) J. V. Gruber, B. R. Lamoureux, N. Joshi, L. Moral, Influence of cationic
polysaccharides on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) deposition onto keratin surfaces
from a surfactant emulsified system, Colloids Surf. B., 19, 127-135 (2000).
(5) K. Yahagi, Silicones as conditioning agents in shampoos, J. Soc. Cosmet.
Chem., 43, 275-284 (1992).
Author
Dr. Hans-Martin Haake
Dr. Hans-Martin Haake studied Chemistry and received a PhD in Physical
Chemistry from Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen. As Senior
Manager Hair Biophysics at Cognis GmbH in Düsseldorf his special field
is hair care performance testing. He is globally responsible for testing
hair care products and developing new test methods. Hans-Martin Haake is
member of the working group "Haircare" of the DGK (German Society
of Cosmetic Chemists). ext
